Making A Dual Partition Card
Dual partition card Setup
This guide is meant
for those looking to create a dual-partition card for beagleboard or any other embedded platform, booting from a FAT
partition that can be read by the OMAP3 ROM boot-loader and Linux/Windows, and
then utilizing an ext3 partition for the Linux root file system.
Details
Determine which device the SD Card Reader is on your system
Plug the SD Card
into the SD Card Reader and then plug the SD Card Reader into your system.
After doing that, do the following to determine which device it is on your
system.
$ [dmesg | tail]
...
[ 6854.215650] sd 7:0:0:0: [sdc] Mode Sense: 0b 00 00 08
[ 6854.215653] sd 7:0:0:0: [sdc] Assuming drive cache: write through
[ 6854.215659] sdc: sdc1
[ 6854.218079] sd 7:0:0:0: [sdc] Attached SCSI removable disk
[ 6854.218135] sd 7:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg2 type 0
...
In this case, it
shows up as /dev/sdc (note sdc inside the square brackets above).
Check to see if the auto-mounter has mounted the SD Card
Note there may be
more than one partition (only one shown in the example below).
$ [df -h]
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
...
/dev/sdc1 400M 94M 307M 24% /media/disk
...
Note the "Mounted
on" field in the above and use that name in the umount commands below.
If so, unmount it
$ [umount /media/disk]
Start fdisk
Be sure to choose the whole device (/dev/sdc), not
a single partition (/dev/sdc1).
$ [sudo fdisk /dev/sdc]
Print the partition record
Make sure to write down the number of bytes on the
card (in this example, 2021654528).
Command (m for help): [p] Disk /dev/sdc: 2021 MB, 2021654528 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 245 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdc1 * 1 246 1974240+ c W95 FAT32 (LBA) Partition 1 has different physical/logical endings: phys=(244, 254, 63) logical=(245, 200, 19)
Delete any partitions that are there already
Command (m for help): [d] Selected partition 1
Set the Geometry of the SD Card
If the print out above does not show 255 heads, 63
sectors/track, then do the following expert mode steps to redo the SD Card:
§ Go into expert mode.
Command (m for help): [x]
§ Set the number of
heads to 255.
Expert Command (m for help): [h]
Number of heads (1-256, default xxx): [255]
§ Set the number of
sectors to 63.
Expert Command (m for help): [s]
Number of sectors (1-63, default xxx): [63]
§ Now calculate the
number of Cylinders for your SD Card.
#cylinders = FLOOR (the number of Bytes on the SD Card (from above) / 255 / 63 / 512 )
So for this example: 2021654528 / 255 / 63 / 512 = 245.79. So we use 245 (i.e. truncate, don't round).
§ Set the number of
cylinders to the number calculated.
Expert Command (m for help): [c]
Number of cylinders (1-256, default xxx): [enter the number you calculated]
§ Return to Normal
mode.
Expert Command (m for help): [r]
Print the partition record to check your work
Command (m for help): [p] Disk /dev/sdc: 2021 MB, 2021654528 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 245 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
Create the FAT32 partition for booting and transferring files from Windows
Command (m for help): [n] Command action e extended p primary partition (1-4) [p] Partition number (1-4): [1] First cylinder (1-245, default 1): [(press Enter)] Using default value 1 Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1-245, default 245): [+50] Command (m for help): [t] Selected partition 1 Hex code (type L to list codes): [c] Changed system type of partition 1 to c (W95 FAT32 (LBA))
Mark it as bootable
Command (m for help): [a] Partition number (1-4): [1]
Create the Linux partition for the root file system
Command (m for help): [n] Command action e extended p primary partition (1-4) [p] Partition number (1-4): [2] First cylinder (52-245, default 52): [(press Enter)] Using default value 52 Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (52-245, default 245): [(press Enter)] Using default value 245
Print to Check Your Work
Command (m for help): [p] Disk /dev/sdc: 2021 MB, 2021654528 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 245 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdc1 * 1 51 409626 c W95 FAT32 (LBA) /dev/sdc2 52 245 1558305 83 Linux
Save the new partition records on the SD Card
This is an important
step. All the work up to now has been temporary.
Command (m for help): [w] The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy. The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at the next reboot. WARNING: If you have created or modified any DOS 6.x partitions, please see the fdisk manual page for additional information. Syncing disks..
Format the partitions:
The two partitions
are given the volume names LABEL1 and LABEL2 by these commands. You can
substitute your own volume labels.
$ [sudo
mkfs.msdos -F 32 /dev/sdc1 -n LABEL1]
mkfs.msdos 2.11 (12 Mar 2005)
$ [sudo mkfs.ext3 -L LABEL2 /dev/sdc2]
mke2fs 1.40-WIP (14-Nov-2006)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
195072 inodes, 389576 blocks
19478 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=402653184
12 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
16256 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (8192 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information:
mkfs.msdos 2.11 (12 Mar 2005)
$ [sudo mkfs.ext3 -L LABEL2 /dev/sdc2]
mke2fs 1.40-WIP (14-Nov-2006)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
195072 inodes, 389576 blocks
19478 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=402653184
12 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
16256 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (8192 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information:
Bootloader settings
If you use bootloader U-Boot, use following
settings to mount root file system at second partition from kernel:
console=ttyS2,115200n8
root=/dev/mmcblk0p2 rw rootdelay=1
Partitioning in Linux Environment (ext3)
Partitioning in Linux
Some time ago I needed to make partition of my thumb
drive in Linux environment; I found lot of material on different web-pages and
blogs. It was really all helpful to me and I successfully learnt the way to
partition my drive (Thanks to my friend Bahar Ali)
I’m sharing my experience on my blog so that it can
help other people as well.
(If I’m wrong somewhere or you feel my bad English –
Please apologize me)
Details
Text marked within [] shows user input.
Determine, where the device is on your system
Plug the thumb drive into USB port. After doing that,
do the following to determine which device it is on your system.
$ [dmesg | tail]
...
[ 6854.215650] sd 7:0:0:0:
[sdc] Mode Sense: 0b 00 00 08
[ 6854.215653] sd 7:0:0:0:
[sdc] Assuming drive cache: write through
[ 6854.215659] sdc: sdc1
[ 6854.218079] sd 7:0:0:0:
[sdc] Attached SCSI removable disk
[ 6854.218135] sd 7:0:0:0:
Attached scsi generic sg2 type 0
...
In this case, it shows up as /dev/sdc (note sdc inside
the square brackets above).
Check to see if the drive has automatically been mounted
Note there may be more than one partition (only one
shown in the example below).
$ [df -h]
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
...
/dev/sdc1 400M 94M
307M 24% /media/disk
...
If mounted, un-mount it
$ [umount /media/disk]
Start fdisk
Be sure to choose the whole device (/dev/sdc), not a
single partition (/dev/sdc1).
$ [sudo fdisk /dev/sdc]
Print the partition record
Make sure to write down the number of bytes on the
drive (in this example, 2021654528).
Command (m for help) : [p]
Disk /dev/sdc: 2021 MB,
2021654528 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track,
245 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 *
512 = 8225280 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks
Id System
/dev/sdc1 *
1 246 1974240+
c W95 FAT32
(LBA)
Partition 1 has different
physical/logical endings: phys=(244, 254, 63) logical=(245, 200, 19)
Delete any partitions that are there already
Command (m for help): [d]
Selected partition 1
Set the Geometry of the Thumb Drive
If the print out above does not show 255 heads, 63
sectors/track, then do the following expert mode steps to redo the SD
Card:
§
Go into expert
mode.
Command (m for help): [x]
§
Set the number of
heads to 255.
Expert Command (m for help):
[h]
Number of heads (1-256, default
xxx): [255]
§
Set the number of
sectors to 63.
Expert Command (m for help):
[s]
Number of sectors (1-63,
default xxx): [63]
§
Now Calculate the
number of Cylinders for your SD Card.
#cylinders = FLOOR (the number
of Bytes on the SD Card (from above) /
255 / 63 / 512)
So for this example: 2021654528 / 255 / 63 / 512 = 245.79. So we use 245 (i.e. truncate, don't round).
§
Set the number of
cylinders to the number calculated.
Expert Command (m for help):
[c]
Number of cylinders (1-256,
default xxx): [enter the number you calculated]
§
Return to Normal
mode.
Expert Command (m for help):
[r]
Print the partition record to check your work
Command (m for help): [p]
Disk /dev/sdc: 2021 MB,
2021654528 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track,
245 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 *
512 = 8225280 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks
Id System
Create the Linux partition
Command (m for help): [n]
Command action
e
extended
p
primary partition (1-4)
[p]
Partition number (1-4): [2]
First cylinder (52-245, default
52): [(press Enter)]
Using default value 52
Last cylinder or +size or
+sizeM or +sizeK (52-245, default 245):
[(Press Enter)]
Using default value 245
Print to Check Your Work
Command (m for help): [p]
Disk /dev/sdc: 2021 MB,
2021654528 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track,
245 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 *
512 = 8225280 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks
Id System
/dev/sdc1 52 245
1558305 83 Linux
Save the new partition records onto the Drive
This is an important step. All the work up to now has
been temporary.
Command (m for help): [w]
The partition table has been
altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read
partition table.
WARNING: Re-reading the
partition table failed with error 16: Device
or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old
table.
The new table will be used at
the next reboot.
WARNING: If you have created or
modified any DOS 6.x partitions, please see the fdisk manual page for
additional information.
Syncing disks..
Format the partitions:
The volume name is LABEL1 by these commands. You can
substitute your own volume labels.
$ [sudo mkfs.ext3 -L LABEL1
/dev/sdc2]
mke2fs 1.40-WIP (14-Nov-2006)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
195072 inodes, 389576 blocks
19478 blocks (5.00%) reserved
for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem
blocks=402653184
12 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768
fragments per group
16256 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on
blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (8192 blocks):
done
Writing superblocks and
filesystem accounting information:
Press Enter to finish…
Now you are done with a Linux Partition – Congrats
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